What is a waterfall - Meaning of the word waterfall

What is a waterfall

A waterfall is a powerful fall of water from steep cliffs that are located across a river or stream. Water streams create a picturesque landscape, quickly descending along numerous ledges. A powerful and wide waterfall is also called a cataract. Those objects that fall hollowly are waterfall objects.

The geography of these natural sites is vast. They are found in almost every state. What is surprising is that most of the large specimens are found in two or three countries.

• Venezuelan Angel is the tallest in the world. Its height is 979 m. The entire volume of water cannot reach the ground and becomes like fog. Every year thousands of tourists come to Venezuela to see it. They are not even afraid that the path to the attraction leads through the jungle.
• South Africa has the second largest natural site called the Tugela. The five water cascades have a height of 948 m. Kon is the widest. It is located on the Mekong River in Cambodia and Laos. Its width is about 12 km.
• The most popular is Niagara Falls. It is located in the USA and millions of travelers come here every year. A special feature of a tourist site is its accessibility. Can be reached by public transport from the nearest city. Niagara Falls is briefly called Niagara because of its location on the river of the same name. Its height is only 52 m.

In Russia, similar objects are found in the mountainous areas of the Caucasus, Altai, and Urals. The most famous ones are named Kivach, Talnikovy, Tseysky. Most of them are accessible to visitors; the rest must be reached by air or river.

Waterfall at home according to feng shui

The construction of the Abundance Waterfall according to Feng Shui is one of the most effective rituals designed to attract wealth. There are several ways to create such a waterfall: from buying a small porcelain bowl with an imitation waterfall inside to building a massive artificial waterfall. The main task is to determine a place favorable for a waterfall.

A waterfall located in the right place brings fabulous wealth, but if your karma is not ready for this, various obstacles will stand in your way. You will have various reasons to abandon this idea, and construction will come to a standstill. But if it's your turn to get rich, you will find that building a waterfall does not pose any problem and brings good results.

• The ideal waterfall should not be too steep or too gentle; it should not be a sluggish trickle of water, nor a tsunami rushing past.
• It is extremely important that the water flows towards the house and not away from it. If water flows into a small pond, it means wealth is accumulating.
• The flow of water brings wealth with it, and the symbolic recipient of wealth should always be a door. If the front door is far from the waterfall, you can open another door through which favorable Qi will flow into your home.
• The most favorable is considered to be a waterfall, the energy of which enters the house through the dining room, thereby directly feeding your home. So, if you build a waterfall next to the part of the house where the dining room is located, the magical power of the water will increase significantly and your chances of getting rich will increase.
• If you don't have a door through which wealth-bringing Qi can enter, you can use your windows. Remember, if you set out to build an artificial waterfall, you need to do everything possible to capture the Qi emanating from the waterfall. So, if you can't open the door, open the window.
• However, if you live in a multi-story building, you should not undertake the construction of an artificial waterfall, as otherwise you will bring misfortune to those who live below you.

Recommendations for building your own waterfall:

1. A waterfall can only be built in the northern, eastern, southeastern and southwestern sectors of your garden. While exploring the area around your home, choose the most appropriate direction based on the layout of your home. If none of these sectors are suitable for building a waterfall, it would be safer not to build one. You can assess how suitable a particular sector is by taking into account the shape of the property as a whole and the extent to which symbolic penetration of water into the desired part of the house is possible. If the water flows towards the toilet, all your efforts will be in vain and will lead to the opposite effect.

2. The waterfall built in the east should have three levels. The waterfalls, located in the southeast, have four levels. If the waterfall is in the northern part, it should have six or seven levels, while waterfalls in the southwest should have two levels.

3. Install a filtration system with a special pump. This is a reliable way to keep water clean and charged with positive energy. In order to keep the water clean, you can get fish or plant plants.

4. If the waterfall is in the north, keep live turtles if possible. This is extremely favorable. If your waterfall is in the east or southeast, get live fish - carp and arowana are best. And if the waterfall is located in the southwest, you can limit yourself to lilies or lotuses. This way you will enrich your waterfall with invaluable Yang energy.

5. The image of the dragon should always be near the waterfall. If the waterfall is in the north, the dragon must be made of copper; wooden dragon is ideal for the east and southeast; and the best place for a farvor dragon is the southwest. If you can't find a dragon made from the material you need, place a dragon made from any of these materials next to the waterfall. The main thing is the location of the dragon; it determines whether the waterfall will contribute to the enrichment of your home.

Origin of waterfalls

Waterfalls appear in places where hard rock layers give way to soft ones. The water flow moves over rocks of different structures; fast-moving water keeps hard rocks intact, but destroys soft ones. It will take thousands of years for the rocks to be completely destroyed. After this, an equally impressive object will appear - a cliff. After some time, the waterfall itself is formed. A pond appears at its base. The base is the place under the waterfall.

They can also form due to earthquakes. When the earth's layers shift, deep cracks and sinkholes appear in the river bed. Some objects were born thanks to glaciers. A large accumulation of ice melts and flows from steep cliffs in a powerful waterfall stream.

HOW DO WATERFALLS OPEN?

When we say “Columbus discovered America,” we mean: he discovered it only for Europeans - after all, the Indians lived there long before. It's the same with waterfalls. Carbe on the island of Guadeloupe in the Caribbean, Christopher Columbus described immediately how he landed there in 1493. The privilege of “being the first to see” Iguazu Falls in the South American jungle belongs to the conquistador Alvaro de Veca (1541). Niagara was discovered by white colonists at the very beginning of the 17th century. They entered the Yosemite Valley (there are several dozen waterfalls) in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, only in 1833. The huge Kaieteur Falls in Guiana were discovered in 1870 by a team of British geologists, led by Charles Brown.

Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River was the first European to see and describe in 1855, David Livingstone. The sources of another great African river - the Nile - were sought to be found by the ancients - Herodotus, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar. But who was the first to find the famous Blue Nile Falls in Ethiopia is unknown. Read others

How waterfalls are born in legends

People deified water slides and even made sacrifices to their stormy waters. Legends were made about them; according to beliefs, spirits lived in water streams. The Germanic tribes called them "Nix". They believed that spirits communicate with each other, which is why there is so much noise near water streams. Although in fact the noise depends on their size and the volume of falling water.

Many natural objects have their own legends about their origin. Iguazu Falls is no exception. They are located in Brazil and are considered the strongest in the world, as they flow about 10 million liters of water per second.

According to legend, the world was ruled by the snake-like M'Boy, who fell in love with the beautiful Naypi. Only her heart was occupied by the warrior of the Taroba tribe, with whom she fled in a canoe down the river. The snake got angry and hit the ground with its tail, it collapsed right in front of the lovers. They fell into the abyss that appeared and crashed. So Naypi turned into a rock, and Taroba became a palm tree above the river.

Waterfalls: how little we know about them

The “doesn’t exist” tag has been amusing in recent years. For example, “space does not exist” or deserts, quarries, pyramids... They still exist! Just not in the sense in which we were accustomed to perceive from a young age, when words were empty containers for children that should have been filled with fruit juice of associations and meaning, but instead they were filled with sand.

CHAPTER FIRST. WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE DON'T KNOW

Or, more precisely, what do we know about what we don’t know? What is a waterfall? Wikipedia decided to brush it off with logic: “A waterfall is the fall of water in a river from a ledge crossing the river bed. Unlike river rapids, waterfalls are characterized by a sharp drop in the height of the river bottom and a sheer drop.”

Other sources say in the same spirit: “to know what a waterfall is, study what a river is,” although more often the situation is, in my opinion, just the opposite: “to know what a river is, you need to know what a waterfall is " After all, the modern concept of the appearance of rivers is completely worthless. And you don’t need to think that there are no unbearable scientists - there is only a narrow doorway. We are told that the cause of rivers is precipitation... Although, we all often go somewhere, drive through many kilometers of fields and do not see a single body of water nearby. I don’t even say at what distances from each other the CONSTANTLY FLOWING rivers are. So any lawyer will justify the fallout in court - “not guilty.” Also see New Zealand's lake and Sutherland Falls, which plummet from 580 metres.

These are the mountain peaks of the Southern Alps. Can you connect this lake and the constantly falling waterfall with precipitation? “Groundwater” is generally a screen covering many things. For example, in the emerging so-called karst sinkholes, we see that there are no groundwater or rivers nearby. Although their appearance on groundwater is written off, they say, they washed away. It’s not clear where it washed, into what cavities and voids? They tried to find the cause in the pumped-out oil and gas, although “karst” ones appear more often in places where no mining is observed at all along a circumference of many kilometers. You can immediately give up on the melting of glaciers and snow, since we examined “precipitation” above. And in order to finally expel the demon of official science from you, we will perform an exorcism with this text about what is known to the science of sediments.

Scientists don't know why it rains! What do they know? Do not be surprised. In the academies of sciences, they really don’t know why it rains. Modern scientists only state the fact of precipitation and movement of air masses. In understanding the essence of these processes, they are not far behind children... The hypotheses put forward by modern “scientists” raise suspicions about the sanity of those who put them forward. Or, at best, “laughter through tears”... You know, in childhood and adolescence I thought that scientists were “the smartest guys.” That working as a scientist is much more difficult and responsible than working as an electrician or plumber. But maturity came, and not a trace remained of my childhood dreams. It turned out that, being a scientist, you can easily be a complete idiot and write any nonsense. Fortunately, there is no responsibility. A plumber's mistake means a residential building flooded with feces, an electrician's mistake means a fire and injuries. And modern “scientists” can make as many mistakes as they want. No one will fire them and no one will suffer from their activities. Nobody takes seriously the nonsense that they write! I apologize for the long introduction.

So. RAIN. “Scientists” explain rain “by the water cycle in nature.” Allegedly, water evaporating from the surface, rising upward, cools, condenses, forming clouds, and falls to Earth as rain. However, in reality, everything happens completely differently. On the Indonesian islands, where there is constant heat and around the Ocean, there has been drought for months. And in the central regions of Russia it snows constantly in winter. Although the temperature is 20 degrees below zero and the nearest Ocean is thousands of kilometers away! If rain depended on evaporation, it would rain constantly in Indonesia! And in Siberia snow would never fall!

CHAPTER TWO. A VERY IMPORTANT FACT IS VERY RARELY REMEMBERED

Rivers and waterfalls were associated with “groundwater”, although, in fact, waterfalls are more often found in mountains and rocks, just as rivers often begin from there. You can see a lot of different changes in the ground and not a single river flowing from there or a falling waterfall. But we often see them among the so-called “rocks”.

Do you see any hint of a connection with the ground? But we see “rocks”. Pay attention to how smooth the slabs are - it’s not for nothing that they are so.

There are waterfalls in the “rapids” of the river, such as, for example, a long waterfall with the colorful name Victoria:

Niagara:

I will not argue about this type of waterfall, and they are not discussed in this publication. Iguazu Falls, or, as it is also called, “Devil’s Throat,” which is located in Brazil, could also be classified as this type:

But again these even steps of the slabs attract attention:

And there are a number of waterfalls that do not fit into the generally accepted concept at all, and this fact is rarely talked about:

This is the highest Angel Falls.

The length of the tallest waterfall in the world is approximately one kilometer. The water flows continuously from a height of approximately 979 meters - 51 meters more than Niagara Falls. This is Angel Falls, which is located in Venezuela. It was named after the American pilot James Angel, who discovered it in 1937 while flying over these places.

He is interesting to us because he falls from the “cliff” itself.

Do you see any signs of soil here? Just “rocks”. But they instilled in us the associations: “precipitation” and “groundwater,” which made us a little disoriented in our correct perception. Kukenan Falls:

And again we see an amazing case, because of which one would have to shout “fantastic!”, if we take the generally accepted concept as a basis. Waterfalls of the rock itself, right from its tips! No soil, just “rocks”. Where is? Also in Venezuela. And there is a lot of interesting things there.

And it is not surprising that this place was discovered in our time, and they write about it: “Tepui is the only place on Earth where no human has set foot.”

CHAPTER THREE. WATERFALL - A SYMBOL OF DYING LIFE OR REBIRTHING?

Imagine that we, like chickens in a barn, live under the slate, until the hail breaks through this slate, we will think that this is the sky. In terms of thinking, we really haven’t moved far from chickens. In terms of parameters, compared to the past, we are not even ants.

What happens to grapes if you cut them? That's right, it will start to flow.

Many of you are absolutely right, who already guess that I associate waterfalls and many rivers with “silicon life”. And those who want to turn their noses up: “a new and exotic hypothesis that was introduced as a fashion, and therefore implausible”... I would not like to upset you, but they talked about “silicon life” during the Soviet Union. Naturally, in high circles. We, the common people, were given only school textbooks, but the elite had small editions of books marked “strictly for official use.” And from time to time, one of us meets the son of an oligarch and gives this book out of friendship to read... This book is rich in illustrations, and it is written all over the place about “silicon life”. In addition to “silicon life,” it also talks about planetary power. About underground cities. About technologies of the past that are superior to ours. About Giants, and of different sizes. Like this: the elite have undistorted knowledge of the world in easy access. What kind do they give us? Those in which, of course, they themselves do not believe, but forced society to believe in them.

You can see this for yourself by arming yourself with a search engine and setting the necessary search parameters: “trunk mountains” and “waterfalls”, then go to the “photos” item, and you will be convinced that the generally accepted view that was imposed on us, the worldview and the way in fact, these are completely different things.

You will see these large streams that fall from the very top of the “rocks”.

According to the generally accepted concept, this is impossible. In terms of silicon, everything is logical.

But this begs a reasonable question, because dead and withered trees do not flow... When, it turns out, was silicon life destroyed, since these “rocks” are still alive? Is silicon life dying or being reborn?

CHAPTER FOUR. STONE IS TREE

“Wooden Rus'”, based on this concept, is not so far-fetched. Rus' mastered the craft not only of the wood of carbon life, but also of silicon. How do you like this “cliff” angle:

Isn't it true that the stump looks like a stump that is overgrown with mold?

The scientific world attributes these stone-wood rocks of silicon life to lava, although they themselves, of course, do not believe in this. The scientific world is created in order to create generally accepted explanations for us - the reasons why we were taxed, and, under the guise of research, they carry out the restoration of decorations, as well as the extraction of ancient technologies for the government.

Have you ever been bothered by the fact that only certain scientists are allowed to engage in research, while the rest of the services, where ordinary hard workers work, are brought to a “lax” state and left to their own devices? What if you live and are not interested in anything, go to work and elections regularly according to the regulations, then no one cares about you, but as soon as you go beyond the boundaries and start thinking differently from everyone else, then you begin to see absolutely prohibitions on everything in front of your nose?

Brothers from Europe and America, the sensible part of them, say that their dictatorship is exactly the same as ours. I am already silent that hatred between planetary powers and patriotism towards “sovereigns with states” throughout the “planet” are instilled using the same method. This is what a simple cabbage seller from America did to me? Or what did a simple taxi driver from Europe do to me? But TV tells me and you what insidious enemies these are, and how we should hate them. They instill exactly the same hatred towards us so that the planetary power does not awaken.

Who there wanted to dig deeper under the “rocks” and see what was there?

Who was looking for the roots?

CHAPTER FIVE. WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT TREE?

How do we mine coal? Ants do exactly the same thing, covering the stumps with soil and grinding the wood into dust:

In gigantic proportions, but it’s the same trash:

Heavy fallen tree:

Is the tree being cut down for firewood? Please, someone didn't cut the deck:

Another one:

What else do they do with wood, sand it? Here are the drawings that appear on a sanded board:

And here are the polished “rocks” for you:

Isn't it true, one to one?

Here's a more or less exclusive photo:

It’s interesting how official sources describe this tree (Google screenshot from a foreign site):

Not only is the tree called a “sandy rock formation,” which makes it blush, but they also ask for money for this nonsense. And, of course, you correctly noted, if there were giants, and the rocks are wood, then at least somewhere there must be some objects left from the silicon wood.

Someone lost this “chest”:

But the tree has already rotted over time, but it is clear that it was some kind of object:

Former "barn"? We see that the boards in it are completely rotten:

Entrance to the former “barn”:

How do you like this mechanism:

I personally didn’t see an elephant here, I saw a household item. But everyone compares to the extent of their licentiousness, and the scientific world gave this object a nickname - “elephant rock”. If you think like that, then the stool also looks like a horse, but it is not one. Here you can see that the passage is artificial:

But, if you zoom in on the photo and look at what’s inside, you’ll see that a passage was cut through the dead tree itself. How, in relation to us, were the huge giants “little gophers” relative to the tree?

CONCLUSION

I hope you have had an interesting journey into other eyes, from which the world is not as limited as we are led to believe.

Source: puli-snegopaqa.livejournal.com/7286.html

Types of waterfalls

River beds differ in width, relief, and volume of water, which is why there are different waterfalls. According to the features of the relief and what the descending water streams look like, they can be divided into the following types:

• Cascade. The rock on which the water flows has a stepped structure.
• Fan-shaped. Becomes wider from the top to the base.
• Block. The stream goes down like a huge wall.
• Cup-shaped. The water flow spreads across a vast surface depression.
• Longline. Many streams of different sizes and other parameters.
• Plunging. The water mass falls strictly vertically.
• Multi-step. Similar streams that belong to the same basin.
• Segmented. The water is divided into a number of blocks.

There are different definitions of a waterfall based on the volume of descending water flows and the size of the ledge:

• Cascade. Several objects located nearby.
• Water slide. A calm waterfall without a sharp drop in flow.
• Cataract. A large object in which a large volume of water flows in a wide wall from a small height.

Often large specimens are a series of small rapids and cascades. Almost all of them are located in the territories of several countries. Their main feature is movement. The continuous flow of water causes the cliff to collapse and move up the river bed.

Where is the picture with water hung?

A painting depicting a cascading stream of water has the same powerful effect as a natural waterfall. Photographs and paintings with a waterfall have a positive effect on the energy of the home. But before you choose this or that illustration of water, you need to figure out what nuances should be present on it.

It is important that the landscape of the painting be as close to natural as possible: natural colors and shades, pristine nature. The presence of animals and birds, green trees and a clear sky against the backdrop of a waterfall is an auspicious symbol.

As for the presence of a person or traces of his activity, such as houses and other structures, household items, transport (including water), it is better not to place such paintings in the house. The presence of these elements in the picture can block the living flow of Qi energy.

The painting should depict daylight hours and the natural tones of the landscape. All kinds of effects that are unnatural for living nature should not be depicted in the picture.

Placing images of water is contraindicated in bedrooms and on the south side of the apartment. A favorable location is the hallway.

How do waterfalls move?

They can move independently along the river. If the base consists of soft rocks, then water will gradually erode them. So they collapse, and the beginning of the flow moves higher along the river bed.

The cliff from which Niagara Falls descends is composed of hard limestones. Behind them are soft shale rocks on which a stream of water flows. Therefore, the bottom becomes deeper, stones break off from hard rocks under the influence of their own weight and powerful water pressure. It moves on average 30 cm per year. Since its inception, it has moved 11 km.

How are waterfalls formed?

Natural flows of water usually form at the junction of soft and hard rocks. River water gradually erodes the channel, and over time, bottom drops and ledges form in this place. Scientists identify four main reasons for education.

Causes:

• Soil erosion. This is a gradual natural process of erosion of the riverbed.
• A sharp change in relief during an earthquake, a mountain collapse, an avalanche, a volcanic eruption. The movement of the earth's crust leads to the formation of transverse cracks at the bottom of the river. The layers shift and form ledges.
• Anthropogenic cause.
• Movement and melting of glaciers.

With natural erosion, the main condition is the presence of hard rocks. If the layers at the place where the ledge is formed are soft, then the mountain drainage eventually levels out the riverbed, and the waterfall disappears.

During landslides, avalanches or lava flows, impassable blockages may form in the river. The water accumulates and gradually reaches the top of the jam. Then the drain overcomes the obstacle and rushes down from a great height. The top point of the ledge from which the water flow breaks is called the ridge.

The washes that form in the river bed after the displacement of ledges are called boilers. Such fates gradually connect and form gorges. The depth of some boilers may be equal to the height of the ledge from which the water falls.

The movement of waterfalls can be rapid or take place over a hundred years. Powerful jets gradually wash away rubble, move stones and entire layers of hard rocks. If the water reaches the loose layers, the ledges are destroyed, and the waterfall becomes smaller and disappears.

Victoria (Zambia, Zimbabwe)

Benefits of waterfalls

Streams of water not only calm the human nervous system, but also have healing properties. Water descending from a height forms water dust, and under the influence of sunlight, ions with a negative charge appear in it. Such dust has a positive effect on health, because it is filled with phytoncides from nearby plants in large quantities.

A waterfall is such a limitless source of energy that it is widely used in the construction of hydroelectric power stations.

The only trouble for humans is that stormy streams cannot be controlled. This poses a problem for shipping. Therefore, in places where there are waterfalls, special canals are built that allow ships and liners to make a protected path.

What does water mean in Feng Shui?

Feng Shui waterfall

The philosophy of Feng Shui is based on the search for harmony with all the natural forces of the earth. Water is one of the five essential feng shui elements that has a strong impact on the environment. In traditional teaching, water is the source of vital energy Qi.

Water is an extremely powerful energy element, the presence of which in a house or apartment is important for harmonizing your living space and bringing happiness, well-being and health into your home.

A Feng Shui waterfall can serve as an excellent repository for living water in the home. The sounds of rushing water have a calming effect on the psyche, causing relaxation and tranquility, and the sight of flowing water helps relieve the burden of psychological problems that have accumulated during the day. This is extremely important for people living in apartments, since energy imbalance is most often observed in such rooms, and the presence of a waterfall in the room will help restore the correct Yin-Yang balance.

Underwater waterfalls

More recently, researchers have discovered that there are underwater waterfalls located at the bottom of the sea or ocean. About ten such objects were found. There are probably more of them, but it is not yet possible to fully study this amazing phenomenon.

They appear for two reasons:

• different densities of water (due to differences in temperatures of adjacent areas and different amounts of salt);
• unevenness of the seabed.

When there are zones nearby that differ in density, and the seabed is relief, the densest water masses descend lower, and the lighter ones rise higher. It turns out that this is a waterfall - a similar effect is created by falling water.

Scientists have discovered 7 similar objects in the waters of the world's oceans. They are several times larger in size than terrestrial ones. The largest is located in the Atlantic Ocean between Greenland and Iceland. It is 350 times larger than the tallest in the world. The width of the Atlantic giant is 150 km, and it consumes 30 thousand cubic meters per second.

The most spectacular object is located off the island of Mauritius. The illusion of falling water is due to the refraction of light, current, and the combination of silt, sand and coral deposits. Nature has created such an unusual phenomenon that it is impossible to take your eyes off. True, it can only be viewed from a helicopter.

Where should a waterfall be located according to Feng Shui?

South, Southwest and Northeast

The first thing to consider is the so-called spontaneous zones, into which any space can be roughly divided. Water is compatible with all elements - with the exception of Fire.

• This means that the waterfall cannot be located in the fire sector, in the south of the living space.
• Also undesirable directions are South-West and North-East.

But in any other place, a decorative fountain or just a picture of a waterfall according to Feng Shui will have an extremely beneficial effect on the energy of the house.

Southeast

It should be remembered that all sectors are responsible for certain areas of human life. Based on this, you can decide where to hang (put) a waterfall according to Feng Shui in order to achieve the most desired result. The welfare sector is located in the Southeast, where flowing water will help activate financial flows.

• Please note that an aquarium or a vase of flowers (i.e. objects containing standing water) are contraindicated in the wealth sector.

Do waterfalls disappear?

The waterfalls, although slowly, move. Every year, large specimens retreat several centimeters. Climate change and global warming also affect their future. Thus, the world's largest Victoria Falls is threatened by drought. During extreme heat, it turns into a trickle. Sharp temperature changes have a negative impact not only on its greatness, but also on the biocenosis and the local economy.

Over time, the volume of water in the stream may change. It depends on the availability of water in the river that forms it. Even the largest waterfall can dry up for a while. This is most influenced by weather conditions and the level of precipitation.

The meaning of the word Waterfall according to the Brockhaus and Efron dictionary:

A waterfall is the name of a place where a river or stream falls from a steep or even sheer ledge. Thresholds are not quite correctly distinguished from V. (see this next) - a series of successive, but usually insignificant V. heights, which often appear instead of one large one. V. are characteristic not only of mountainous countries and are found in the upper reaches of rivers and mountain streams, also on steep ledges of plateaus, but they also occur on flat areas in the case when the river flows sequentially first through solid and then through loose, easily eroded rocks . Reaching the highest flow speed in the East, the water here also has the greatest erosive force. Hitting the bottom of the river at the foot of the river, the mass of water gradually creates a depression, a pothole. expanding, the pothole more and more erodes the cliff from which V. falls, and the upper cornice collapses under the pressure of water. Thus, V. gradually retreats to the upper reaches of the river, and at the same time, as the cliff is eroded, its height decreases: instead of a sheer wall, a steep slope with a number of ledges is formed. one large V. breaks up into several smaller rapids, which in turn are gradually eroded by water until the river forms a smooth channel. Thanks to their enormous mechanical force, V. leave clear traces of their presence on the hardest rocks in the form of so-called gigantic cauldrons and ground rocks. Giant cauldrons are cylindrical, sometimes expanding downward depressions from several decimeters to 1 m or more in depth, occurring as a result of the fact that a vertical stream of water sets into rotational motion the fragments of rocks carried by the water to the foot of the river, and drills them into the riverbed. Representing one of the most beautiful phenomena of nature, V. also have important practical significance, since the work produced by them and calculated, for example, for the Niagara V. at 6,500,000 horsepower, can be exploited for industrial purposes. The most significant waterways should be cited: in North America, the famous Niagara River (see this word), the Trenton Mountains in the state of New York, falling from a height of 110 meters, the Great Lakes on the river. Missouri near its confluence with the river. Mississippi and, finally, the highest known V. Iosemite in California on the river. Merced, one of which falls from a height of 470 meters. in Africa: V. Victoria on the Zambezi River, two branches of which 2300 meters wide fall into an abyss 106 meters deep, formed by a crack in the basalt flow. in the East Indies, the Kural V. on the river is distinguished by the greatest beauty. Shiravati, in the Ghats. Of the numerous waterways of Western Europe (in the German Alps alone there are up to 250 of them), the most famous for their beauty, height of fall or mass of water are: the Rhine Waterway near Schaffhausen (23 meters), very abundant in water. Staubbach, in the Bernese Oberland, on the river. Plechbach, whose water, falling from a height of 287 meters, crumbles into fine dust. Reichenbachsky V. on the river. Aar, falling in succession in 7 ledges, one of which is up to 65 meters high. height. beautiful V. Krimml in Salzburg on the river. Ax (over 300 m). picturesque V. Marbore near Gavarnie in the Pyrenees. V. Terni near Rome on the river. Velino, nicknamed marble for the encrusting properties of its water. From the East of Scandinavia there are abundant waters in the Trolgettskie V. in Sweden, on the river. Gotha-Elf, and V. Ryukandfos (smoking V.), Lerfos and Skitifos in Norway, etc. V. Estland, Finland and the Olonets province abound in Russia. The largest of the Estonian V., Narva, is located on the river. Narova is 12 kilometers from its confluence with the Gulf of Finland. A mass of water up to 150 meters wide, divided into two branches by the island of Krensholm, falls from a height of 7 meters, developing a work equal to approximately 100,000 horsepower, part of which is exploited for factory purposes. From E. Finland, in addition to Imatra (see this word) on the Vuoksa River, which actually represents a series of rapids, we note V. Kyuro near Tammerfors, also exploited for industrial purposes. In the Olonets province r. Suna forms three beautiful V. - Girvas, Porporog and the majestic Kivach (see this word), glorified by Derzhavin. The Northern Vyg River forms a series of picturesque rivers in the lower part of its course between Vygozero and the White Sea. Finally, in Siberia, Ukovsky V. is especially famous near Nizhneudinsk on the river. Uk at its merger with the river. Milk yield (about 20 m in height). B. Polenov.